History of Artificial Intelligence: From Turing to ChatGPT

 The history of AI has been a progression of conceptual work by Alan Turing in the 1950s, to modern systems such as ChatGPT, which have been characterized by stages of advancement and AI winters. Before 1956 The term artificial intelligence was coined in a workshop at Dartmouth in 1956, followed by the implementation of the so-called expert systems and early chatbots such as ELIZA in the 1960s and the resulting AI winter because of over-promising and under-delivering. The renaissance was accompanied by the development of machine learning and deep learning, and in 2022 the ChatGPT large language model was released, which proves to be able to converse on many subjects.

Early foundations (1950s)

• Alan Turing: He was viewed as a father of modern computing and artificial intelligence, and in 1950, he developed the so-called Turing Test to determine the power of a machine to behave in an intelligent way that would not be perceived as that of a human being.
• Dartmouth Workshop: In 1956, this workshop was the first workshop that used the term artificial intelligence which brought together the main researchers.
• First AI and Machine Learning: Scholars started to consider the ideas of artificial neural networks and what would come to be known as machine learning with researchers like the Shopper program on the EDSAC computer showing that its past search history could be used to learn. 

The period of AI winter and rule-based (1960s-1980s). 

• Expert Systems: The earliest so-called expert systems were developed in 1965, and they were aimed at mimicking the work of a human expert.
• Chatbots: Joseph Weizenbaum wrote a chatbot in 1966, called ELIZA, one of the earliest chatbots, which could use natural language processing to imitate a psychotherapist.
• First AI winter Research funding declined in the 1970s and 1980s because of a report on the lack of progress and the constraint of computational power, which became the first AI winter. 

Revival and modern AI (1990s-present)

Modern AI (1990s-present) Revival Revival art typically takes the form of art derived from an original artwork, with its distinctive methodological advances aligning with the revival era more closely.Revival and modern AI (1990s-present) Revival Art Revival art usually represents an art work based on an existing piece of art, and its new methodological developments can be more closely associated with the revival period.

Machine Learning and Deep Learning: The resurgence of AI research in the 1980s was due to the advancement of machine learning algorithms and the creation of deep learning.

Growth of Data: The proliferation of digital data to be used in training became a main point of improvement.

Deep Blue: this was the first milestone when in 1997 the Deep Blue computer played and won against the world chess champion Garry Kasparov.

AlphaGo: In 2016, AI succeeded the master of Go, Lee Sedol, and this feat was achieved by the AlphaGo created by Google, which led to the idea that AI is able to master a game that is believed to be much more complicated than chess.

ChatGPT: ChatGPT is a 2022 large language model that utilizes deep learning and the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) architecture to chat with humans and complete several text-based tasks, or ChatGPT.